Chapter 8: Recursive Decision Processes#
quantile_function.py#
Show code cell source
from scipy.stats import rv_discrete
import numpy as np
from numba import njit
"Compute the τ-th quantile of v(X) when X ∼ ϕ and v = sort(v)."
@njit
def quantile(τ, v, ϕ):
for (i, v_value) in enumerate(v):
p = sum(ϕ[:i+1]) # sum all ϕ[j] s.t. v[j] ≤ v_value
if p >= τ: # exit and return v_value if prob ≥ τ
return v_value
"For each i, compute the τ-th quantile of v(Y) when Y ∼ P(i, ⋅)"
def R(τ, v, P):
return np.array([quantile(τ, v, P[i, :]) for i in range(len(v))])
def quantile_test(τ):
ϕ = [0.1, 0.2, 0.7]
v = [10, 20, 30]
#d = DiscreteNonParametric(v, ϕ)
d = rv_discrete(values=(v, ϕ))
return quantile(τ, v, ϕ), d.ppf(τ)
quantile_js.py#
Show code cell source
"""
Job search with Markov wage draws and quantile preferences.
"""
from quantecon import tauchen, MarkovChain
import numpy as np
from quantile_function import *
"Creates an instance of the job search model."
def create_markov_js_model(
n=100, # wage grid size
ρ=0.9, # wage persistence
ν=0.2, # wage volatility
β=0.98, # discount factor
c=1.0, # unemployment compensation
τ=0.5 # quantile parameter
):
mc = tauchen(n, ρ, ν)
w_vals, P = np.exp(mc.state_values), mc.P
return (n, w_vals, P, β, c, τ)
"""
The policy operator
(T_σ v)(w) = σ(w) (w / (1-β)) + (1 - σ(w))(c + β (R_τ v)(w))
"""
def T_σ(v, σ, model):
n, w_vals, P, β, c, τ = model
h = [x + c for x in β * R(τ, v, P)]
e = w_vals / (1 - β)
return σ * e + (1 - σ) * h
" Get a v-greedy policy."
def get_greedy(v, model):
n, w_vals, P, β, c, τ = model
σ = w_vals / (1 - β) >= c + β * R(τ, v, P)
return σ
"Optimistic policy iteration routine."
def optimistic_policy_iteration(model, tolerance=1e-5, m=100):
n, w_vals, P, β, c, τ = model
v = np.ones(n)
error = tolerance + 1
while error > tolerance:
last_v = v
σ = get_greedy(v, model)
for i in range(m):
v = T_σ(v, σ, model)
error = max(np.abs(v - last_v))
print(f"OPI current error = {error}")
return v, get_greedy(v, model)
# == Plots == #
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams.update({"text.usetex": True, "font.size": 14})
def plot_main(tau_vals=(0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8),
savefig=False,
figname="figures/quantile_js.pdf"):
w_star_vals = np.zeros(len(tau_vals))
for (τ_idx, τ) in enumerate(tau_vals):
model = create_markov_js_model(τ=τ)
n, w_vals, P, β, c, τ = model
v_star, σ_star = optimistic_policy_iteration(model)
for i in range(n):
if σ_star[i] > 0:
w_star_vals[τ_idx] = w_vals[i]
break
model = create_markov_js_model()
n, w_vals, P, β, c, τ = model
mc = MarkovChain(P)
s = mc.stationary_distributions[0]
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(tau_vals, w_star_vals, "k--", lw=2, alpha=0.7, label="reservation wage")
ax.barh(w_vals, 32 * s, alpha=0.05, align="center")
ax.legend(frameon=False, loc="upper center")
ax.set_xlabel("quantile")
ax.set_ylabel("wages")
if savefig:
fig.savefig(figname)
plot_main()
OPI current error = 197.04958104222325
OPI current error = 32.41999066047552
OPI current error = 35.62127408582426
OPI current error = 34.1446640510786
OPI current error = 31.357190366860497
OPI current error = 27.984260985215176
OPI current error = 23.254898512652094
OPI current error = 16.591569430034006
OPI current error = 7.09109988950496
OPI current error = 3.102226038720346e-06
OPI current error = 197.04958104222325
OPI current error = 32.41999066047552
OPI current error = 29.678936943622382
OPI current error = 29.093921296620483
OPI current error = 27.974814794615806
OPI current error = 26.72531111677077
OPI current error = 25.39554124988487
OPI current error = 23.255076254919008
OPI current error = 20.92822560847147
OPI current error = 18.39891195068428
OPI current error = 14.680917085664738
OPI current error = 10.525484762612273
OPI current error = 5.881149036250456
OPI current error = 9.59630597208161e-10
OPI current error = 197.04958104222325
OPI current error = 36.59694294236868
OPI current error = 0.676518038229375
OPI current error = 0.08971952178475817
OPI current error = 0.011898563134202789
OPI current error = 0.001577982158643465
OPI current error = 0.00020927129308034864
OPI current error = 2.7753465943192168e-05
OPI current error = 3.6806523482368902e-06
OPI current error = 197.04958104222325
OPI current error = 51.40389833249008
OPI current error = 0.0
OPI current error = 197.04958104222325
OPI current error = 82.51356008425164
OPI current error = 0.0
OPI current error = 197.04958104222325
OPI current error = 133.14095588610525
OPI current error = 0.0
Error in callback <function _draw_all_if_interactive at 0x7f190daf5c60> (for post_execute):
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:255, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
254 try:
--> 255 report = subprocess.check_output(
256 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls.texcache,
257 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
258 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/subprocess.py:421, in check_output(timeout, *popenargs, **kwargs)
419 kwargs['input'] = empty
--> 421 return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
422 **kwargs).stdout
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/subprocess.py:503, in run(input, capture_output, timeout, check, *popenargs, **kwargs)
501 kwargs['stderr'] = PIPE
--> 503 with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as process:
504 try:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/subprocess.py:971, in Popen.__init__(self, args, bufsize, executable, stdin, stdout, stderr, preexec_fn, close_fds, shell, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, restore_signals, start_new_session, pass_fds, user, group, extra_groups, encoding, errors, text, umask, pipesize)
968 self.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stderr,
969 encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
--> 971 self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
972 pass_fds, cwd, env,
973 startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
974 p2cread, p2cwrite,
975 c2pread, c2pwrite,
976 errread, errwrite,
977 restore_signals,
978 gid, gids, uid, umask,
979 start_new_session)
980 except:
981 # Cleanup if the child failed starting.
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/subprocess.py:1863, in Popen._execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, restore_signals, gid, gids, uid, umask, start_new_session)
1862 err_msg = os.strerror(errno_num)
-> 1863 raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
1864 raise child_exception_type(err_msg)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'latex'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
RuntimeError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py:120, in _draw_all_if_interactive()
118 def _draw_all_if_interactive():
119 if matplotlib.is_interactive():
--> 120 draw_all()
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/_pylab_helpers.py:132, in Gcf.draw_all(cls, force)
130 for manager in cls.get_all_fig_managers():
131 if force or manager.canvas.figure.stale:
--> 132 manager.canvas.draw_idle()
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2082, in FigureCanvasBase.draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs)
2080 if not self._is_idle_drawing:
2081 with self._idle_draw_cntx():
-> 2082 self.draw(*args, **kwargs)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:400, in FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
396 # Acquire a lock on the shared font cache.
397 with RendererAgg.lock, \
398 (self.toolbar._wait_cursor_for_draw_cm() if self.toolbar
399 else nullcontext()):
--> 400 self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
401 # A GUI class may be need to update a window using this draw, so
402 # don't forget to call the superclass.
403 super().draw()
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3140, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3137 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3139 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3140 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3141 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3143 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3144 sfig.draw(renderer)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:131, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
129 if not_composite or not has_images:
130 for a in artists:
--> 131 a.draw(renderer)
132 else:
133 # Composite any adjacent images together
134 image_group = []
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3064, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3061 if artists_rasterized:
3062 _draw_rasterized(self.figure, artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3064 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3065 renderer, self, artists, self.figure.suppressComposite)
3067 renderer.close_group('axes')
3068 self.stale = False
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:131, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
129 if not_composite or not has_images:
130 for a in artists:
--> 131 a.draw(renderer)
132 else:
133 # Composite any adjacent images together
134 image_group = []
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1377, in Axis.draw(self, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
1374 renderer.open_group(__name__, gid=self.get_gid())
1376 ticks_to_draw = self._update_ticks()
-> 1377 tlb1, tlb2 = self._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
1379 for tick in ticks_to_draw:
1380 tick.draw(renderer)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1304, in Axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(self, ticks, renderer)
1302 if renderer is None:
1303 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
-> 1304 return ([tick.label1.get_window_extent(renderer)
1305 for tick in ticks if tick.label1.get_visible()],
1306 [tick.label2.get_window_extent(renderer)
1307 for tick in ticks if tick.label2.get_visible()])
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1304, in <listcomp>(.0)
1302 if renderer is None:
1303 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
-> 1304 return ([tick.label1.get_window_extent(renderer)
1305 for tick in ticks if tick.label1.get_visible()],
1306 [tick.label2.get_window_extent(renderer)
1307 for tick in ticks if tick.label2.get_visible()])
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:959, in Text.get_window_extent(self, renderer, dpi)
954 raise RuntimeError(
955 "Cannot get window extent of text w/o renderer. You likely "
956 "want to call 'figure.draw_without_rendering()' first.")
958 with cbook._setattr_cm(self.figure, dpi=dpi):
--> 959 bbox, info, descent = self._get_layout(self._renderer)
960 x, y = self.get_unitless_position()
961 x, y = self.get_transform().transform((x, y))
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:378, in Text._get_layout(self, renderer)
375 ys = []
377 # Full vertical extent of font, including ascenders and descenders:
--> 378 _, lp_h, lp_d = _get_text_metrics_with_cache(
379 renderer, "lp", self._fontproperties,
380 ismath="TeX" if self.get_usetex() else False, dpi=self.figure.dpi)
381 min_dy = (lp_h - lp_d) * self._linespacing
383 for i, line in enumerate(lines):
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:97, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache(renderer, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
94 """Call ``renderer.get_text_width_height_descent``, caching the results."""
95 # Cached based on a copy of fontprop so that later in-place mutations of
96 # the passed-in argument do not mess up the cache.
---> 97 return _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
98 weakref.ref(renderer), text, fontprop.copy(), ismath, dpi)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:105, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
101 @functools.lru_cache(4096)
102 def _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
103 renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi):
104 # dpi is unused, but participates in cache invalidation (via the renderer).
--> 105 return renderer_ref().get_text_width_height_descent(text, fontprop, ismath)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:226, in RendererAgg.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
224 _api.check_in_list(["TeX", True, False], ismath=ismath)
225 if ismath == "TeX":
--> 226 return super().get_text_width_height_descent(s, prop, ismath)
228 if ismath:
229 ox, oy, width, height, descent, font_image = \
230 self.mathtext_parser.parse(s, self.dpi, prop)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:645, in RendererBase.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
641 fontsize = prop.get_size_in_points()
643 if ismath == 'TeX':
644 # todo: handle properties
--> 645 return self.get_texmanager().get_text_width_height_descent(
646 s, fontsize, renderer=self)
648 dpi = self.points_to_pixels(72)
649 if ismath:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:368, in TexManager.get_text_width_height_descent(cls, tex, fontsize, renderer)
366 if tex.strip() == '':
367 return 0, 0, 0
--> 368 dvifile = cls.make_dvi(tex, fontsize)
369 dpi_fraction = renderer.points_to_pixels(1.) if renderer else 1
370 with dviread.Dvi(dvifile, 72 * dpi_fraction) as dvi:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:300, in TexManager.make_dvi(cls, tex, fontsize)
298 with TemporaryDirectory(dir=cwd) as tmpdir:
299 tmppath = Path(tmpdir)
--> 300 cls._run_checked_subprocess(
301 ["latex", "-interaction=nonstopmode", "--halt-on-error",
302 f"--output-directory={tmppath.name}",
303 f"{texfile.name}"], tex, cwd=cwd)
304 (tmppath / Path(dvifile).name).replace(dvifile)
305 return dvifile
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:259, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
255 report = subprocess.check_output(
256 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls.texcache,
257 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
258 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
--> 259 raise RuntimeError(
260 'Failed to process string with tex because {} could not be '
261 'found'.format(command[0])) from exc
262 except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
263 raise RuntimeError(
264 '{prog} was not able to process the following string:\n'
265 '{tex!r}\n\n'
(...)
272 exc=exc.output.decode('utf-8', 'backslashreplace'))
273 ) from None
RuntimeError: Failed to process string with tex because latex could not be found
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:255, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
254 try:
--> 255 report = subprocess.check_output(
256 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls.texcache,
257 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
258 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/subprocess.py:421, in check_output(timeout, *popenargs, **kwargs)
419 kwargs['input'] = empty
--> 421 return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
422 **kwargs).stdout
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/subprocess.py:503, in run(input, capture_output, timeout, check, *popenargs, **kwargs)
501 kwargs['stderr'] = PIPE
--> 503 with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as process:
504 try:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/subprocess.py:971, in Popen.__init__(self, args, bufsize, executable, stdin, stdout, stderr, preexec_fn, close_fds, shell, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, restore_signals, start_new_session, pass_fds, user, group, extra_groups, encoding, errors, text, umask, pipesize)
968 self.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stderr,
969 encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
--> 971 self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
972 pass_fds, cwd, env,
973 startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
974 p2cread, p2cwrite,
975 c2pread, c2pwrite,
976 errread, errwrite,
977 restore_signals,
978 gid, gids, uid, umask,
979 start_new_session)
980 except:
981 # Cleanup if the child failed starting.
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/subprocess.py:1863, in Popen._execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, restore_signals, gid, gids, uid, umask, start_new_session)
1862 err_msg = os.strerror(errno_num)
-> 1863 raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
1864 raise child_exception_type(err_msg)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'latex'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
RuntimeError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:340, in BaseFormatter.__call__(self, obj)
338 pass
339 else:
--> 340 return printer(obj)
341 # Finally look for special method names
342 method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py:152, in print_figure(fig, fmt, bbox_inches, base64, **kwargs)
149 from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
150 FigureCanvasBase(fig)
--> 152 fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, **kw)
153 data = bytes_io.getvalue()
154 if fmt == 'svg':
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2342, in FigureCanvasBase.print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, bbox_inches, pad_inches, bbox_extra_artists, backend, **kwargs)
2336 renderer = _get_renderer(
2337 self.figure,
2338 functools.partial(
2339 print_method, orientation=orientation)
2340 )
2341 with getattr(renderer, "_draw_disabled", nullcontext)():
-> 2342 self.figure.draw(renderer)
2344 if bbox_inches:
2345 if bbox_inches == "tight":
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3140, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3137 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3139 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3140 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3141 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3143 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3144 sfig.draw(renderer)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:131, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
129 if not_composite or not has_images:
130 for a in artists:
--> 131 a.draw(renderer)
132 else:
133 # Composite any adjacent images together
134 image_group = []
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3064, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3061 if artists_rasterized:
3062 _draw_rasterized(self.figure, artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3064 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3065 renderer, self, artists, self.figure.suppressComposite)
3067 renderer.close_group('axes')
3068 self.stale = False
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:131, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
129 if not_composite or not has_images:
130 for a in artists:
--> 131 a.draw(renderer)
132 else:
133 # Composite any adjacent images together
134 image_group = []
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1377, in Axis.draw(self, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
1374 renderer.open_group(__name__, gid=self.get_gid())
1376 ticks_to_draw = self._update_ticks()
-> 1377 tlb1, tlb2 = self._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
1379 for tick in ticks_to_draw:
1380 tick.draw(renderer)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1304, in Axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(self, ticks, renderer)
1302 if renderer is None:
1303 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
-> 1304 return ([tick.label1.get_window_extent(renderer)
1305 for tick in ticks if tick.label1.get_visible()],
1306 [tick.label2.get_window_extent(renderer)
1307 for tick in ticks if tick.label2.get_visible()])
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1304, in <listcomp>(.0)
1302 if renderer is None:
1303 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
-> 1304 return ([tick.label1.get_window_extent(renderer)
1305 for tick in ticks if tick.label1.get_visible()],
1306 [tick.label2.get_window_extent(renderer)
1307 for tick in ticks if tick.label2.get_visible()])
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:959, in Text.get_window_extent(self, renderer, dpi)
954 raise RuntimeError(
955 "Cannot get window extent of text w/o renderer. You likely "
956 "want to call 'figure.draw_without_rendering()' first.")
958 with cbook._setattr_cm(self.figure, dpi=dpi):
--> 959 bbox, info, descent = self._get_layout(self._renderer)
960 x, y = self.get_unitless_position()
961 x, y = self.get_transform().transform((x, y))
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:378, in Text._get_layout(self, renderer)
375 ys = []
377 # Full vertical extent of font, including ascenders and descenders:
--> 378 _, lp_h, lp_d = _get_text_metrics_with_cache(
379 renderer, "lp", self._fontproperties,
380 ismath="TeX" if self.get_usetex() else False, dpi=self.figure.dpi)
381 min_dy = (lp_h - lp_d) * self._linespacing
383 for i, line in enumerate(lines):
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:97, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache(renderer, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
94 """Call ``renderer.get_text_width_height_descent``, caching the results."""
95 # Cached based on a copy of fontprop so that later in-place mutations of
96 # the passed-in argument do not mess up the cache.
---> 97 return _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
98 weakref.ref(renderer), text, fontprop.copy(), ismath, dpi)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:105, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
101 @functools.lru_cache(4096)
102 def _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
103 renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi):
104 # dpi is unused, but participates in cache invalidation (via the renderer).
--> 105 return renderer_ref().get_text_width_height_descent(text, fontprop, ismath)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:226, in RendererAgg.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
224 _api.check_in_list(["TeX", True, False], ismath=ismath)
225 if ismath == "TeX":
--> 226 return super().get_text_width_height_descent(s, prop, ismath)
228 if ismath:
229 ox, oy, width, height, descent, font_image = \
230 self.mathtext_parser.parse(s, self.dpi, prop)
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:645, in RendererBase.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
641 fontsize = prop.get_size_in_points()
643 if ismath == 'TeX':
644 # todo: handle properties
--> 645 return self.get_texmanager().get_text_width_height_descent(
646 s, fontsize, renderer=self)
648 dpi = self.points_to_pixels(72)
649 if ismath:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:368, in TexManager.get_text_width_height_descent(cls, tex, fontsize, renderer)
366 if tex.strip() == '':
367 return 0, 0, 0
--> 368 dvifile = cls.make_dvi(tex, fontsize)
369 dpi_fraction = renderer.points_to_pixels(1.) if renderer else 1
370 with dviread.Dvi(dvifile, 72 * dpi_fraction) as dvi:
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:300, in TexManager.make_dvi(cls, tex, fontsize)
298 with TemporaryDirectory(dir=cwd) as tmpdir:
299 tmppath = Path(tmpdir)
--> 300 cls._run_checked_subprocess(
301 ["latex", "-interaction=nonstopmode", "--halt-on-error",
302 f"--output-directory={tmppath.name}",
303 f"{texfile.name}"], tex, cwd=cwd)
304 (tmppath / Path(dvifile).name).replace(dvifile)
305 return dvifile
File /usr/share/miniconda3/envs/dse2023/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:259, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
255 report = subprocess.check_output(
256 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls.texcache,
257 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
258 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
--> 259 raise RuntimeError(
260 'Failed to process string with tex because {} could not be '
261 'found'.format(command[0])) from exc
262 except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
263 raise RuntimeError(
264 '{prog} was not able to process the following string:\n'
265 '{tex!r}\n\n'
(...)
272 exc=exc.output.decode('utf-8', 'backslashreplace'))
273 ) from None
RuntimeError: Failed to process string with tex because latex could not be found
<Figure size 640x480 with 1 Axes>